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<div> <p style="color: #000080; font-size: 18pt"><span>RFID</span><span>於鷹架產業工安管理適應性研究</span></p> <p> <span>◎文</span><span>/</span><span>鞋技中心</span><span> </span><span>資通訊組</span><span> </span><span>朱智寬</span></p> </div> <p><span>長久以來，放眼世界各國營造業一直具有經濟成長的火車頭之稱，影響一個國家的經濟盛衰甚鉅，同時營造業也是吸引為數眾多的基層勞工所投身奉獻的主要行業之一，而或許因產業性質與因投身此一行業的勞工階層屬性使然，使得營造業發生職業災害的比例相較於其他行業明顯偏高，且人員傷亡的數字一直居高不下。與其他產業比較後發現，營造業的職業災害一直高於其他行業，最大的因素就是在於勞工與工作環境的不確定性，在開放型的系統環境中，動態事件的改變使得不確定性因素堆疊累積，造成安全管理的盲點與障礙，在環境複雜與安全管理無法有效、準確執行的時候，容易導致嚴重的意外災害。而職業災害所造成的財產損失是非常龐大。</span></p> <p><span>本研究將促使鷹架製造產業生產符合</span><span>CNS</span><span>國家標準之高規格鷹架結構安全、並有效降低各工種作業時職肇災害之發生，提高人員安全、掌握設備使用狀況。並整合上下游供應鏈經銷體系。</span></p> <p> <span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><strong>環境需求</strong></span></p> <p><span>鷹架適用於各工種施工常用設備，其適用於各種複雜環境，台灣地處高溫高濕海洋季風的惡劣環境下，鷹架鋼材的<span>"</span>銹蝕<span>"</span>問題更較其他各國嚴重。</span></p> <p><span>在先進國家中，很早就注意到<span>"</span>銹蝕<span>"</span>的嚴重性，根據估計，因銹蝕所造成的損失，在日本一年約達國民生產毛額</span><span>（</span><span>GNP</span><span>）</span><span>的</span><span>3.50 %</span><span>。在美國，此一比率為</span><span>4.20 %</span><span>，在英國為</span><span>3.50 %</span><span>，西德為</span><span>3.00 %</span><span>，而台灣則遠超過以上比率。如以日本之</span><span>3.50 %</span><span>來計算，在</span><span>2001</span><span>年我們不知不覺中損失了新台幣三千三百三十億元（</span><span>2001</span><span>年國民生產毛額約為新台幣九兆五千一百三十九億）。所以先進國家均成立了有關的防蝕技術研究機構，以採取各種有效的措施，來避免或減少其損失。然而我國目前似乎尚沒有一主要機構來正視此一問題。因此，到處可以看到因防蝕技術不良或防蝕方法錯誤所造成的「銹蝕」景觀，實在令人非常痛心。</span></p> <p><span>目前在鷹架製造產業、營建產業及搭架工程行，對於鷹架設備始終無法達到有效的設備履歷管理與保養維護管理，仍無一套有效的解決方案，導致施工架設備工安事故頻傳。</span></p> <p> <span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><strong>問題分析</strong></span></p> <p><span><span>Ø<span> </span></span></span><span>我國營造安全相關現況統計分析</span></p> <p><span>回顧我國</span><span>85</span><span>年至</span><span>97</span><span>年之營造業勞工死亡千人率（平均約為</span><span>0.188</span><span>），為全產業勞工死亡千人率（平均</span><span>0.063</span><span>）及製造業（平均</span><span>0.054</span><span>）約三至四倍（詳見表</span><span>1</span><span>）；再者近三年之營造業勞工傷病千人率平均約為</span><span>12.808</span><span>，而全產業勞工傷病千人率平均</span><span>4.128</span><span>，同時製造業之勞工傷病千人率平均</span><span>5.482</span><span>皆可了解我國營造業在無論在一般傷病或重大職災部份傷亡統計數字，皆遠高於全產業與製造業</span><span>[1]</span><span>。</span></p> <p><span>由<span>[</span>表<span>1]</span>數字的比較可以了解目前營造業相較其他產業來說在職災發生率上有相當的改善空間，導致死亡的重大職災與死亡人數屢屢居全產業之冠，經統計我國每年之重大職業災害中，<strong>營造業佔的比例幾佔全產業之一半以上（圖<span>1</span>）</strong>；由此可見營造作業的高風險性，在進行營造業職業災害防治前，首先須瞭解職業災害造成之原因，不外乎人為因素、環境因素及機材因素，<strong>而造成人員之傷害，中間尚須透過致災之媒介物傳遞導致人員傷亡之能量，甚而很多媒介物（如施工機具、施工架等）本身之不良，才是造成相關職災與財物、人員損失之主要因素</strong><span>[4]</span>。</span> </p> <div><span>表<span>1 </span>民國</span><span>85</span><span> </span><span>年至</span><span>97</span><span> </span><span>年全產業、製造業、營造業職業災害千人率</span> <div> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="626"> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>產業</span></p> <p align="center"><span>年別</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="190" colspan="4" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>全產業</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="189" colspan="4" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>製造業</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="208" colspan="4" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>營造業</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>總計</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>傷病</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>殘廢</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>死亡</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>總計</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>傷病</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>殘廢</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>死亡</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>總計</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>傷病</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>殘廢</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>死亡</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>85</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>3.063</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>2.414</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.553</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.095</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.805</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>3.673</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>1.048</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.084</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>6.558</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.748</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.599</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.211</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>86</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>3.401</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>2.704</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.569</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.093</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.245</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.076</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>1.093</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.076</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>7.632</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>6.775</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.597</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.259</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>87</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>3.789</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>3.135</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.570</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.084</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.638</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.539</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>1.036</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.063</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>9.365</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>8.380</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.731</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.254</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>88</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.415</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>3.699</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.631</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.085</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>6.305</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.125</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>1.102</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.078</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>11.495</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>10.330</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.962</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.203</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>89</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.965</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.223</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.665</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.077</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>7.070</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.862</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>1.144</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.063</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>13.402</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>12.144</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>1.034</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.223</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>90</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.898</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.212</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.618</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.069</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>6.969</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.837</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>1.065</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.067</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>13.582</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>12.303</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>1.069</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.210</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>91</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.650</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.015</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.570</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.065</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>6.638</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.593</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.985</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.059</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>12.997</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>11.793</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>1.016</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.188</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>92</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.578</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.029</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.499</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.050</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>6.549</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.618</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.891</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.041</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>13.144</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>12.131</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.838</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.175</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>93</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.629</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.136</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.448</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.044</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>6.576</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.74</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.806</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.030</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>13.511</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>12.572</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.808</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.131</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>94</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.439</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>3.994</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.399</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.045</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>6.319</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.532</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.749</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.038</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>12.968</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>12.027</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.769</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.172</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>95</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.526</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.103</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.386</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.038</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>6.304</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.552</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.718</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.035</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>13.388</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>12.511</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.715</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.161</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>96</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.439</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.049</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.356</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.034</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>6.005</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.351</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.621</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.033</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>13.519</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>12.633</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.765</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.122</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="38" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>97</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.606</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>4.231</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="46" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.339</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="48" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.036</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>6.170</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>5.543</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.593</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.035</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>14.063</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="57" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>13.279</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.655</span></p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="47" noWrap> <p align="center"><span>0.130</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">資料來源：勞委會</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang="EN-US">97</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">年勞動檢查統計年報</span> </div> <div style="text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"> </div> <p style="text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span>根據國內營建災變資料顯示，施工架以「門型框式鋼管施工架」所組搭之結構倒塌的意外最多，而這些施工架的倒塌意外，散佈在營造相關之混凝土澆置作業、模板作業、泥作粉刷作業、貼磁磚作業及新近之帷幕牆作業等當中，歸納這些倒塌意外可能涉及施工架本身材料品質之不佳、設計承載力之不足、施工不良、法規要求不適用等因素。</span></p> <p style="text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span>從</span><span>2001-2005</span><span>年營造業工作場所之墜落重大職災案例</span><span>414</span><span>件進行分析，統計發現罹災者以男性居多</span><span>(388, 93.7%)</span><span>、</span><span>年齡在</span><span>25-44</span><span>歲間</span><span>(221,53.4%)</span><span>，墜落原因：個人安全裝備不安全</span><span>（</span><span>335, 37.77%</span><span>）</span><span>和不安全環境</span><span>（</span><span>398, 44.87</span><span>％）</span><span>等居多。</span></p> <div style="text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span>在災害發生比率居高不下之情形下，「施工架」被列為檢查重點<span>(</span>表<span>2)</span>，然而工地人員對於施工架的安全性能、承載力、最大荷重等足以造成施工架倒崩塌的因素並無一遵行的準則。再者，施工架出廠後大多未做性能檢測，施工架亦多無國家標準之標誌且未標示最大荷重。事實上，國內並無相關的認證標準，亦未將施工架進行抽樣品質試驗。另外，在施工架之相關附件上，如三角托架、繫牆桿及插梢之有效強度亦是影響使用安全的關鍵因素之一。</span> </div> <div style="text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><strong>解決方案</strong></span></div> <p style="text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span>鋼管鷹架（或稱鋼管施工架）在營建工程中基本上有兩種用途：一為「施工架」用途，另一為「模板支撐架」用途。當鋼管鷹架作為施工架用途時，主要為配合混凝土相關作業<span>(</span>即模板、泥作粉刷等作業<span>)</span>來進行。鋼管鷹架作為模板支撐架用途時，則作為樓板之模板支撐為主。</span></p> <p style="text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span>早期國內工地之施工架，以使用竹子或單根鐵管架設為主，不過這類施工架搭設時，常因接點過多、組裝麻煩、工人需求量大，使得材料及工程品質不易控制，目前國內除了少部份次要工程或偏遠地區之小工程外，一般都會區工地已甚少在使用。近年來國內施工架的使用，以採預鑄型式的「門型框式鋼管施工架」所組搭之施工架為主。由於竹材及單根鋼管等構材所組搭之施工架使用不多，而工地又以「門型框式鋼管施工架」的使用最為普遍。</span></p> <p style="text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span>由於營造業的職業災害一直高於其他行業，其部分危安因素在於搭架設備及搭架環境的不確定性。由於施工場地屬於開放型的系統環境，現場動態事件的改變使得不確定性因素不斷累積，而造成安全管理的盲點與障礙。</span></p> <div style="text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span>鷹架<span>(</span>施工架<span>)</span>為營造業使用於各工種施工最常採用的一種施工設備，因眾多的工種都使用同一種設備，造成設備使用狀況與設備管理更加不易，且在複雜環境安全管理無法有效、準確執行的時候，即容易導致嚴重的意外災害。究其原因，即未於作業前考量危安因素並加以防止，如作業環境所須設置之安全設備、鷹架設備結構<span>(</span>年限、使用次數、鏽蝕、變形、龜裂…等因素<span>) </span>等安全性檢查。 </span> <div> <p align="left"><span>應用</span><span>RFID</span><span>技術於鷹架管理服務功能如下：</span></p> <ul> <li> <div align="left"><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span>改善商業流程及應用程式整合</span><span>。</span></div> <li> <div align="left"><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span>提升鷹架結構安全管控、消弭施工職肇災害發生。</span></div> <li> <div align="left"><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span>提升鷹架盤點、失竊辨識作業效率，降低作業人員工作負荷。</span></div> <li> <div align="left"><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span>提升鷹架生產的品質。</span></div> <li> <div align="left"><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span>作業流程標準化、資料一致性。</span> <div> <p><span>因此，本研究實際應用無線射頻識別技術特性 </span><span>(RFID)</span><span>導入廠區鷹架結構安全管控<span>(</span>消弭降低工安事故<span>)</span>暨失竊辨識之適用性安全設備管控開發。藉由</span><span>RFID</span><span>技術<s><span>從鷹架成品設備整理到成品檢查、出貨過程中對鷹架設備進行分類排放、外觀檢查是否有構成危安要件，如使用次數、變形、龜裂等。</span>以</s>降低消弭作業時易職肇災害之危安因素及管控高單價鷹架元件失竊辨識，為降低工安職災發生及設備管理之最有效辦法。<span>鞋技中心這幾年，積極發展應用</span></span><span>ICT</span><span>技術加值能量更是不餘餘力，更致力於輔導產業加值應用導</span><span>入</span><span>ICT</span><span>技</span><span>術，透過輔導業者申請政府相關補助研發計畫，協助產業轉型升級與提升技術研發，成效良好，更獲得業者一致好評。本研究更是由鞋技中心協助輔導鷹架業者發展導入<span>RFID</span>技術管理成功案例。</span></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><span>參考文獻</span></p> <p><span><span>1.<span> </span></span></span><span>行政院勞工委員會</span><span>-</span><span>勞動統計</span><span> </span><span><a href="http://www.cla.gov.tw/cgi-bin/SM_theme?page=41761dc1"><span>http://www.cla.gov.tw/cgi-bin/SM_theme?page=41761dc1</span></a></span></p> <p><span><span>2.<span> </span></span></span><span>張智奇，鋼管施工架國家標準妥適性研究。行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所，</span><span>2009.03</span><span>。</span></p> <p><span><span>3.<span> </span></span></span><span>林禎中、王鵬堯：無線射頻識別技術</span><span>(RFID)</span><span>於營造現場施工安全監控之適用性研究。行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所，</span><span>2008.03</span><span>。</span></p> <p><span><span>4.<span> </span></span></span><span>RFID</span><span>於應用於建造工地管理技術研究。</span></p> <p><span><span>5.<span> </span></span></span><span>CNS 1007 </span><span>鋼鐵之熱浸法鍍鋅，中華民國熱浸鍍鋅協會。</span></p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"> </div> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span>
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